| 508 to 506 | Isagoras and
Spartans under Cleomenes demand Cleisthenes and 700 families of Alcmaeonidae
exile. Try to dissolve Council of Areopagus, are deposed by Athenians;
Cleisthenes takes power. Athens attempts alliance with Artaphernes, satrap of
Lydia | 508 to 500 | Cleisthenes,
democratic reforms, from wealth-based to region-based. Followed lead of other
cities who were casting off traditional political systems in reorganizing voting
districts such as Sicyon, Corinth and Miletus. 1) Divided Athenian citizens in
ten groups called 'tribes', not heriditary but by region. Fifty from each
'tribe' constituted the Council of 500, appointed annually, which voted to
recommend actions to the assembly. 2) Established system of ostracism to check
potential of tyrannies; assembly wrote name of most feared politician; had to
get minimum of 600 votes; politician with most votes was exiled for 10 years.
499 Artaphernes, Persian satrap, demands Athens restore Hippias as tyrant.
Athens alliance with Persia ceases. | 500 | Fifth Century Greek Philosophers:
| Heraclitus(540-475) Parmenides(539-469) Anaxagoras(500-438) Empedocles(490-430) Leucippus(b. 480) Democritus(460-360) Socrates(460-399) Zeno of Eleo(b. 450) Antisthenes(440-370) Aristippus(435-358) Plato(427-367) 499 to 494
| Ionian(Asia Minor) revolt against Persians | 498
| Athenians & Ertrians join Ionian revolt, capture and
sack Sardis | 496 to 406
| Sophocles, leading tragic playwright | 494
| Miletus sacked by Persians | 493
| Themistocles an archon of Athens | 490
| Greece invaded by the Persians under Darius. Hippias
guided invading navy to Marathon where Peisistratus, his father, landed in 546.
Defeated at the Battle of Marathon by Athenians led by Miltiades. | 488
| First ostracism in Athens. Aristotle says it was
authored by Cleisthenes. Person receiving 6000 votes sent into exile for 10
years, but his property was not confiscated and could return after 10 years with
full rights. | 484 to 420
| Herodotus, first historian(Persian Wars) | 483 | Themistocles persuades Athenians to
build ships to with silver discovered at Laureum. Gave reason war against
Aegina, but really to defend against possible Persian invasion | 481
| Hellenic League founded to defend against Persians. Both
Athens & Sparta members | 480
| Second Persian invasion under Xerxes. Battle of
Thermopylae, King Leonidas leads 300 Spartans could not hold pass against
Persians. Persians invade Athens and destroy temples on Acropolis
| 480 | Battle of Salamis.
After Thermopylae, Persians march south capturing and burning Athens. In the
Bay of Salamis, Themistocles(who had ships built in 483 for this purpose)
amasses armada of Greek ships; with "Greek fire" ships ram into big
Persian vessels, setting them afire and winning the battle. | 479 | After defeat at Salamis, Xerxes
returns and Mardonius leads Persian troops to conquer central Greece. Persian
general Mardonius attempts to gain alliance with Athens. When it fails, sacks
Attica. Athens doesn't get support from Sparta
quickly and threatens to ally with Persians. Spartan Pausanias and Athenians
defeat Mardonius at Platea | 478 | Pausanias, Spartan regent, leads Hellenic League fleet, capturing
Cyprus & Byzantium from Persians. Founding of Delian League dominated byAthens | 470s
| Themistocles ostracized for Medism, lived in Argos, then
fled to Persia | 460s | Cimon,
commanded operations at Eion, Skyros & Thasos, was most powerful man in
Athens. Cimon favored Sparta over Persians | 469
to 399 | Socrates, called the "moral"
philosopher, born in Athens, the son of a sculptor and a midwife; Plato was his
student
| 465 | Artaxerxes becomes
Persian king, gives Themistocles asylum | 464
| Earthquake at Sparta and
revolt of Messenia | 463 | Thasos
seceded from Delian League and is captured by Athens | 462 | Ephialtes, opponent of Cimon, reforms
Athenian courts - Several popular courts, jury of 500 over 30 years of age.
Each case was brought before an archon that gave a preliminary hearing.
Procedures for hearing complaints against retiring magistrates from archons to
courts. | 462 | Athenians
Cimon ostracized and Ephilates murdered | 462
| Sparta appeals for help with
the Messinian Revolt from Athens. Cimon leads Athenian force to Messiia but is
spurned by Spartans | 461 to 429 | The "Golden Age of Pericles." Pericles,
born 490, passed proposal introducing pay for jurors. Pericles preferred to
make peace with Persians and oppose Spartans | 460
to 446 | 1st Peloponessean War due to rejection of aid to
Sparta in 462 and alliance with Thessaly, Megara &
Argos, at war with Sparta. Indecisive outcome. | 460
to 454 | Athens and allies send fleet of 200 to conquer
Egypt from Persians. Expelled in 454. Greatest disaster for Delian League
| 460 to 451
| War between Argos &Sparta
| 457 | Pericles commands Athens at battle of Tanagra against
Sparta, first direct battle. Spartan victory at
Tanagra, Athenian victories at Boetia & Aegina | 454
| Transfer of Delian League treasury to Athens.
Disaffection of League allies from 454 to 450. Miletus revolts | 451 | Five year truce between Athens &
Sparta | 450 | Cimon leads 200 ships against Persians in Egypt and Cyprus. Cimon
dies in battle, no further large scale battles between Delian League and
Persians. "Peace of Callias?" | 450 to
400 | Thucydides, historian of Peloponesean Wars | 447 to 433
| Parthenon built | 446 | 1st Peloponessean War ends. Thirty Years Peace. Parties swore to
abide peacefully for 30 years. | 444 | Ostracism between Thucydides & Pericles.
Former ostracized.
| 443 to 428 |
Pericles hold office of general | 440s | Samos & Byzantium Revolt from
Delian League suppressed by
Pericles | 438 | Statue of Athene Parthenos created by Phidias set up in Parthenon | 437
| Prosecution of Phidias by enemies of
Pericles. First accused of stealing gold from
statue of Athena, then of impiety for putting likeness of himself and
Pericles on Athena's Shield. | 431 to 404 | Great Peleponnesean War,(431 to
421 called Archimadamian War) though friendship between Spartan King Archidamus
and Pericles. | 431
to 425
| Attica inhabitants moved from countryside to within
Athens walls because of war | 430 | Plague in Athens; second Attic invasion.
Pericles deposed from office of general, tried,
fined and reappointed. | 429 | Peloponeseans siege Plataea; death of Pericles | 428 to 348 | Plato, born in Athens or
Aegina to aristocratic family | 421 | Peace of Nicias to last for 50 years. Alcibiades(brought up by
Pericles as guardian) opposes peace and lobbys for
alliance with Argos | 420 | Intrigues
of Alcibiades in Peloponese leads to alliance of Athens and Argos | 418 |
Sparta defeats Argos and her
allies at Mantinea | 415 | Athenians
capture Melos, not part of Delian League, kill men and enslave rest | 415
| Alcibiades flees from fleet to Sicily after charges of
sacrilege brought against him. Flees to Sparta and
urges them to send fleet against Athens in Sicily | 414
| Athens blockade Syracuse, aided by Spartans, destroy
Athenian fleet | 413 | Spartan
King Agis invades Attica and inflicts great damage in countryside. Because of
Spartan damage, Athens changed mode of raising revenues from tribute to 5% tax
on goods carried by sea | 412 | Many islands revolt against Athenian rule. Alcibiades goes to
Hios with Spartans to get islands to revolt against Athens. | 411 | Peisander, as part of a plan
of to recall Alcibiades and to win Persian support against
Sparta, wins assembly support to change
constitution. | 411 | Council
of 400 deposed in Athens, replaced by rule of 5000; Alcibiades made Athenian
general | 410 | Restoration
of full democracy in Athens | 405
| Athenian fleet destroyed at Aegospotami | 404 | Surrender of Athens, peace with
Sparta. Didn't destroy Athens as check of most
powerful allies of Corinth and Thebes | 404
| Lysander, Spartan general, supports rule of Thirty in
Athens. Theramenes, Dracontides, Critias. Brought about election of Council of
500. Declared wanted to purify city of "unjust" and turn citizens
towards "virtue & justice." Moral vs. constitutional revolt.
Killed sycophants then wealthy and took their property. | 403 | Athenian revolution reversed.
Restoration of democracy and general amnesty. Critias has Theramenes killed
| 403 to 399 | Commission
of lawgivers revise Athenian laws. New constitution holds until 322 | 400 | Cyrus the Younger leads 13,000 Greek
mercenaries and 30,000 Persians to oust his brother Artaxerxes II from the
Persian throne; Cyrus dies in battle, leaving the Greeks, under Xenophon, to get
back to Greece | 399 | Trial
and execution of Socrates(b. 470) on charges of impiety and corrupting the youth
| 399 | Sparta
sends forces to Ionia to protect them from Persians and continue raids until 396 | 395 | Start of Corinthian War.
Persians stir up Athens, Argos, Corinth & Thebes to revolt against Spartans | 394 | Persian fleet defeats Spartans of
Cnidus. Begins overthrow of Spartans in Aegean | 393
| Conon, ex-Athenian general, working for Persians,
restores Athens walls to defend from Sparta | 390
| Evagoras, tyrant of Salamis in Cyprus, who had
contributed to Persian ships to defeat Sparta,
revolts against Persians | 388 | Plato founds the Academy in Athens, first European university
| 386 | End of Corinthian
War. Spartans gave up claim to Greek Ionian cities, position in Greece became
stronger. Dominant until 371 | 384 to 322 |
Aristotle, born in Stageira, Macedonia on fringe of Greek
world | 378 | Athens forms
Second Sea League against Sparta. Chios, Mytilene,
Byzantium, Rhodes and others. Spartans attack Thebes |
376 | Theban & Athenian fleet defeat Spartan fleet.
Athens remains strongest Aegean power until 322. Thebe rebuild its federation
| 371 | Sparta and Athens make peace. Spartans lose dominance
| 370 | Thebes invades
Peloponese in support of Arcadia against Sparta.
Athens aligns with Sparta. | 367 | Aristotle becomes student at Plato's
Academy in Athens and remains there for 20 years until Plato¹s death in
347BC | 367 | Plato
travelled to Syracuse the first time to instruct the son of the tyrant and to
set up a government as outline in the Republic, one ruled by philosopher-kings | 365 | End of Peloponnesean League | 361 | Plato travelled to Syracuse
the second time to instruct the son of the tyrant and to set up a government as
outline in the Republic, one ruled by philosopher-kings
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